In quantum computing and specifically the quantum circuit model of computation, a quantum logic gate is a basic quantum circuit operating on a small number of qubits. They are the building blocks of quantum circuits, like classical logic gates are for conventional digital circuits.
Before I explain the "gates", I need to explain the Coulomb Interaction. Coulomb interaction is the electrostatic interactions between electric charges, and follows the Coulomb's law, which is a basis of classical electrodynamics. In general, Coulomb interaction can manifest itself on various scales from microscopic particles to macroscopic bodies. The microscopic theory of Coulomb interaction has been developed in the frame of quantum field theory.
The Gate development in this short answer covers the Ion trapping method. There is an operational and development difference between Superconducting or the Photonic method that I will cover in future posts. The driving transition between 2 qubits is possible using laser or microwave fields. Via Coulomb interaction, which couples the motion of the Ions in a trap, a two-qubit gate is performed. Both single-qubit and two-qubit gates have been implemented with very high fidelities using trapped ions, with our group having performed microwave-driven single-qubit gates and two-qubit gates at the 10−6 and 10−3 error levels, respectively.
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